MOST DANGEROUS LIZARS

  MOST DANGEROUS LIZARS Lizards are a diverse group of reptiles that belong to the order Squamata, which also includes snakes. They have scaly skin, four legs (except for some legless species), movable eyelids, and external ear openings. They are mostly carnivorous and have various adaptations to avoid predators, such as venom, camouflage, and tail regeneration. There are more than 7,000 species of lizards in the world, living in different habitats and climates. Some of the most well-known lizards are the Komodo dragon, the chameleon, the gecko, and the iguana. Lizards are not dangerous to humans, however, some lizards are poisonous and can harm a person if they are touched or bitten by these reptiles. Certain lizards, such as the Komodo dragon, can grow to large sizes and have been known to attack and kill people. Most lizards, in reality, are harmless to humans, as are most turtles; however, there are certain members of both groups that can kill, maim, make ill, or inflict at...
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PARAMBIKULAM TIGER RESERVE

 

 

PARAMBIKULAM TIGER RESERVE

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INTRODUCTION

 

Parambikulam Tiger Reserve is situated in the Palakkad and Thrissur districts in the state of Kerala. It is surrounded by Vazhachal Forest Division in the South, Chalakudy Forest Divison in the West, Nemmara Forest Division in the north and Anamalai Tiger Reserve in  the East. It has an area of 231.16 Sq. km as Core and 412.5 Sq Km as buffer. Thus the total area of Parambikulam Tiger reserve is coming to 643.66 Sq km. it has three reservoirs namely Parambikulam, Thunakadavu and Peruvanpallam

 

CONSERVATION HISTORY

 

The forest of Parambikulam were managed as Sungam Forest Reserve and Parambikulam Forest Reserve during the 19 century. The first Plan by Porter in 1886 for managing Sungam Reserve Forest initiated heavy exploitation of forests for valuable timber. Teak planting began in Parambikulam during 1921 and the last plantation was raised in 1983.Shri T.P. Viswanathan in his first working plan for Parambikulam Forest Reserve prescribed artificial regeneration of and other valuable timber species especially to remedy the over-exploitation the past. Teak plantations were raised and maintained by taungya system of cultivation. The tramway conceived by J C Kohloff in 1894 and implemented by Alwar Chetty in 1900 started functioning in 1907. This accelerated the exploitation of timber till the Special Financing Committee recommended abolition of the system in 1926 and done away with in 1951.

A special Teak Plantation Division was constituted in 1962 covering the Parambikulam Forest Reserve and six ranges were formed. The Sungam Forest Reserve was declared as Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary under the administrative control of State Wildlife Preservation Officer Peerumedu. Later in 1973 the Teak Plantation Division was dissolved and merged with the notified sanctuary and a total area of 271 km under the dual control of DFO TP division and DFO Nemmara .Finally in 1985, the sanctuary was administratively reorganized with an extent of 285 km In 1996, 14.39 ha. of the sanctuary was de-notified for Karappara-Konarkutty multipurpose project which has not been implemented till date. Recently in 2008, 235 km of the Sanctuary was declared Core or Critical Tiger Habitat Parambikulam Tiger Reserve. Later in 2009 the present shape of Prambikulam Tiger Reserve with 231 16 sq km as butter and 412 50 as core areas came into existence

 

There are three reservoirs in the Sanctuary occupying about 20.65 Sq.km .Parambayam has been always famous for its wildlife especially for the sighting of larger mammals in an area with about 87 km2 of teak plantation. The Sanctuary is bordered by the Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary of Tamil Nadu on the part of North and East. The rest of the area is bordered by Forest Divisions of Nemmara, Vazhachal and Chalakudy and forms a part of a larger landscape with an extent about 4500 km2

Out of the total area of 643. 66 Sq km 390.89 Sq km have been declared as core area and 252.77 Sq km as buffer area.

 

GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES SUCH AS

 

Location

 

Geographically Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary lies between the longitudes 760 35’ and 760 50' East and latitudes 100 20’ and 100 26’ North. The sanctuary situated in the Chittur taluk of Palakkad revenue district in the state of Kerala. Surrounding the sanctuary are Pollachi and Valparai taluks of Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu and Thrissur and Mukundapuram taluks of Thrissur district of Kerala

 

Area

Parambikulam Tiger Reserve had an area of 643.662 Sq. Km

 

Altitude

 

Parambikulam Tiger Reserve exhibits mountainous terrain with altitude ranging from 300 m to 1438 m above MSL

 

Annual Rain fall

The sanctuary is blessed with rain during both North West monsoon and North East monsoon, the former contributes maximum to the total precipitation recorded in the sanctuary. In addition pre monsoon showers are felt dung April and May. This Intense rainfall availability for nearly 6 months make the sanctuary more or less wet through out the year. The highest recorded rainfall in the sanctuary (697mm) for the past 11 year period occurred in August 2000. The month of January has consistently been the best month for the last 11 years with a monthly average of just 3.24mm .July has been the wettest month with 456mm of monthly average rainfall. Annual rainfall figures reveal the fact that the year 1992 was the wettest with a total rainfall of 236mm and 1993 comparatively the rest with just 1,400mm Annual average figures show that year 2000 registered the greatest annual average rainfall of 192mm and year 1993 registered the lowest with 114.68 m. This indicates that wth raise temperature over time an d increased

 

Temperature

Based on the temperature data for the last 10 years, it can be seen that the mean monthly temperature fluctuates between 25.60 C (March) and 20.90C (January). The mean monthly range of temperature indicates that March is the month of extreme temperature variations with 160 C of difference between mean monthly minimum and maximum temperatures and such flux is the least in August Mean diurnal range for each month shows that March is the month of maximum diurnal range. This is due to the long days of hot, cloud free nights. Annual extreme range of temperature in the sanctuary is 15.300C. Absolute extreme range of temperature in the sanctuary is 32.80C. However, March is the hottest month with mean monthly temperature of 25.740 C and January the coolest month with 21.20 C. Temperature condition prevailing in the sanctuary is infuenced by normal lapse rate due to which every 100m of ascent from MSL will experience a fall of 0.650 C in temperature.

 

Climate

 

The Tiger Reserve experiences wet tropical climate Temperature varies from 150 C to 320 C. March is the hottest month and January the coolest. Total annual rainfall varies from 1400 mm to 2300 mm .July is the wettest month and January the driest. The Tiger Reserve is blessed with rain from both South West and North East monsoon. September - March is the best to visit

 

Major peaks with altitude

 

The sanctuary lies in between the Anamalai hills and Nelliyampathy hills. Much of the sanctuary is part of Anamalai hills with peaks up to 1,438m (Karimala Gopuram) in the southern boundary of the sanctuary, 1.120m (Vengoli malai) in the eastern boundary. 1010m (Vallarpadam in the west and 1290m (Pandaravadai peak) in the north . Nelliyampathy hills that lies in the core scale down and opens up itself at a place called Thoothampara, just abutting the room boundary of the sanctuary which provides a natural opening through the Nelliampathy hills from Anamala hills. at an average elevation of 600m above mean sea level. The lowest elevation registered the sanctuary fall in the north eastern corner namely the Keerappady valley where in the 300m contour criss-crosses. The sanctuary has 15 and odd peaks scaling above 900m from mean sea level.

 

Major Forest Types

 

West coast tropical evergreen forests

West Coast tropical semi-evergreen forests

Southern moist and deciduous forest

Southern dry mixed deciduous forests

Moist bamboo brakes

Reed brakes

Southem montane wet temperate forests (Sholas)

In addition this sanctuary harbours three minor vegetation types of which two are man-made. They are low altitude marshy grassland known locally as vayals

Teak plantations

Eucalyptus plantations

 

 

FLORA

 

Parambikulam Tiger is a rich treasure of 1438 species of flowering plants falling under 704 genera and 136 families. It includes 81 species of orchids both terrestrial and epiphytic. The natural forests of the Sanctuary were a rich treasure of medicinal plants. About 50 endangered medicinal plants are found in Karianshola alone. About 17 of them are already listed in the red data Book of IUCN . There are about 285 rare endemic and endangered species of flora found the Sanctuary.

 

FAUNA

 

The Sanctuary is endowed with very rich and diverse fauna due to the existence of mosaic of habitats. The faunal diversity found in the Sanctuary include:

 

Mamma- 36 Species

Amphibia- 16 Species

Birds- 268 Species

Reptiles- 61 Species

Pisces- 47 Species

Insects- 1046 Species


HOW TO REACH


The Sanctuary is approachable only by Road

Distance from nearest town (Pollachi)---- 39 Kms.

Distance from Coimbatore------ 100 Kms

 

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